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Three Switches, One Bulb (illustration)
FILE No.65Unsolved

Three Switches, One Bulb

Difficulty ★★☆about 5 minLogic PuzzleTemperatureProcedure
Three switches outside, a bulb you cannot see inside, and a single trip into the room.

Case Record

Outside a basement door there are three switches (A, B, C). One of them controls a single bulb inside the basement. The bulb is inside the basement, and you cannot tell from outside whether it is lit.

All three switches are currently off. You may flip the switches as often as you like, but you may enter the basement only once. Once inside you can examine the bulb, including touching it.

An ordinary incandescent bulb gets hot after being on for a while, and it stays warm for some time after being switched off.

Your question

How can you be sure which switch controls the bulb with just one visit?

Case Files

Evidence

Diagram

Switches and bulbItemDetailSwitchesA, B, C (all off now)BulbInside; hot after useEntryOnce onlyYou can feel the bulb to check its temperature.
Diagram

Timeline

  1. All three switches are off.
  2. One entry. The bulb holds heat.

Hints

If you get stuck, open the hints one at a time, in order.

Open hint 1

Can on and off alone tell three switches apart?

Open hint 2

Could you use the fact that a bulb stays warm after being turned off?

Open hint 3

Match three states to three switches.

Solve It

Your question

How can you be sure which switch controls the bulb with just one visit?

Choose the answer closest to the truth.

Share: I'm solving this

The Truth

Turn on A for a few minutes, turn it off, turn on B, then go in right away

The answer is: turn on A for a few minutes, turn it off, turn on B, then go in right away.

Leave A on for several minutes, then switch it off. Next, turn on B and enter the basement right away. Examine the bulb:

  • The bulb is lit: it is B.
  • The bulb is off but warm: it is A (it was on earlier).
  • The bulb is off and cold: it is C (it was never on).

The key is not to rely only on on/off, but to use a third piece of information: temperature.

One visit decides itBulb stateSwitchLitB (left on)Off and warmA (on, then off)Off and coldC (never on)
Diagram of the solution

Key Points

  • Two states (on/off) are not enough
  • Use heat as a third piece of information
  • Map three states to three switches

Why people get fooled

We think of a bulb as something that is only either lit or dark.

Similar tricks

  • The third-signal type
  • The state-mapping type

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